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We can help make the world safe for diversity. For in the final analysis our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet. We all breathe the same air. And we are all mortal.
I have chosen to begin my history pages with a history of the Presidency of John Fitzgerald Kennedy. In this, as in any pages that follow, I hope to stick to the facts and not engage in much speculation. Since Kennedy was assassinated, there is no way of knowing what different turns history may have taken. I do not intend to delve too much into that assassination at this point, but since it was such a tragic and sudden event, I cannot ignore it entirely. I will state that I have never fully believed the Warren Commission report. Anyone who has seen the Zapruder film must doubt that the fatal wound came from above and behind the motorcade. I will not speculate further, but will open this page by giving the closing statements of Jim Garrison. He was the subject of the film JFK, and was the only person ever to bring this case to trial. If you have seen the film, you will recognize some of the statements made by Mr. Garrison, but I must stress that these are the actual closing statements in the Clay Shaw proceedings, not Oliver Stone's interpretation of them. After opening with the trials closing arguments, I will endeavour to give a chronological history of the Kennedy administration by following the speeches he made in the days leading up to his Presidency, and during his term.
Here then, are Jim Garrison's closing arguments during the Clay Shaw trial.
May it please the court. Gentlemen of the jury. I know you're very tired, you've been very patient. This final day has been a long one, so I'll speak only a few minutes. In his argument, Mr. Dymond posed one final issue which raises the question of what we do when the need for justice is confronted by power. So, let me talk to you about the question of whether or not there was government fraud in this case -- a question Mr. Dymond seems to want us to answer. A government is a great deal like a human being. It's not necessarily all good, and it's not necessarily all bad. We live in a good country. I love it, and you do to. Nevertheless, the fact remains that we have a government which is not perfect.
There have been indications that since November the 22nd of 1963 -- and that was not the last indication -- that there is excessive power in some parts of our government. It is plain that the people have not recieved all of the truth about some of the things which have happened, about some of the assassinations which have occurred -- and more particularly about the assassination of John Kennedy.
Going back to when we were children, I think most of us -- probably all of us here in the courtroom -- once thought that justice came into being of it's own accord, that virtue was it's own reward, that good would triumph over evil, -- in short, that justice occurred automatically. Later, when we found that this wasn't quite so, most of still felt hopefully that at least justice occurred frequently of it's own accord.
Today, I think almost all of us would have to agree, that there is really no machinery, not on this Earth at least, which causes justice to occur automatically. Men have to make it occur. Otherwise, it doesn't come into existence. This is not always easy. As a matter of fact, it's always hard, because justice presents a threat to power. In order to make justice come into being, you often have to fight power.
Mr. Dymond raised the question: Why don't we just say it's all fraud and charge the govern- ment with fraud, if this is the case? Let me be explicit then, and make myself very clear on this point.
The government's handling of the investigation of John Kennedy's murder was a fraud. It was the greatest fraud in the history of our country. It was probably the greatest fraud ever perpetrated in the history of humankind. That doesn't mean that we have to accept the continued existence of the kind of government which allows this to happen. We can do something about it. We're forced to either leave this country or accept the authoritarianism that has developed -- the authoritarianism which tells us that in the year 2029 we can see the evidence about what happened to John Kennedy.
Government does not consist only of secret police and domestic espionage operations and generals and admirals -- governments consists of people. It also consists of juries. And cases of murder -- whether of the poorest individual or the most distinguished citizen in the land -- should be looked at openly in a court of law, where juries can pass on them, and not be hidden, not be buried like the body of the victim beneath concrete for countless years.
You men in these recent weeks have heard witnesses that noone else in the world has heard. You've seen the Zapruder film. You've seen what happened to your President. I suggest to you that you know right now that, in that area at least, a fraud has been perpetrated.
That does not mean that our government is entirely bad, and I want to emphasize that. It does mean, however, that in recent years, through the development of excessive power because of the Cold War, forces have developed in our government over which there is no control, and these forces have an authoritarian approach to justice -- meaning they will let you know what justice is.
Well, my reply to them is that we already know what justice is. It is the decision of the people passing on the evidence. It is the jury system. In this issue which is posed by the government's conduct in concealing the evidence in this case -- in the issue of humanity as opposed to power, I have chosen humanity, and I will do it again without any hesitation. I hope every one of you will do the same. I do this because I love my country, and because I want to communicate to the government that we will not accept unexplained assassinations, with the casual information that if we live 75 years longer, we might be given more evidence.
In this particular case, massive power was brought to bear to prevent justice from ever coming into this courtroom. The power to make authoritative pronouncements, the power to manipulate the news media by the release of false information, the power to interfere with an honest inquiry and the power to provide an endless variety of experts to testify in behalf of power repeatedly was demonstrated in this case.
The American people have yet to see the Zapruder film. Why? The American people have yet to see and hear from the real witnesses to the assassination. Why? Because today in America, too much emphasis is given to secrecy, with regard to the assassination of our President, and not enough emphasis is given to the question of justice and to the question of humanity.
These dignified deceptions will not suffice. We have had enough of power without truth. We do not have to accept power without truth or else leave the country. I don't accept either of these two alternatives. I don't intend to leave the country, and I don't intend to accept power without truth.
I intend to fight for the truth. I suggest that not only is this not Un-American, but it is the most American thing we can do -- because if the truth does not endure, then our country will not endure.
In our country, the worst of all crimes occurs when the government murders truth. If it can murder truth, then it can murder freedom, it can murder your own sons if they should if they should dare to fight for freedom -- and then it can announce that they were killed in an industrial accident, or shot by the "enemy" or God knows what.
In this case, finally, it has been possible to bring the truth about the assassination into a court of law -- not before a commission composed of important and powerful and politically astute men, but before a jury of citizens.
Now I suggest to you that yours is a hard duty, because in a sense what your passing on is equivalent to a murder case. The difficult thing about passing on a murder case is that the victim is out of your sight and buried a long distance away, and all you can see is the defendant. It's very difficult to identify with someone you can't see, and sometimes it's hard not to identify to some extent with the defendant and his problems.
In that regard, every prosecutor who is at all humane is conscious of feeling sorry for the defendant in every case he prosecutes. But he is not free to forget the victim who lies buried out of sight. I suggest to you that, if you do your duty, you also are not free to forget the victim who lies buried out of sight.
You know, Tennyson once said that, "Authority forgets a dying king." This was never more true than in the murder of John Kennedy. The strange and deceptive conduct of the government after his murder began while his body was warm, and has continued for five years. You have seen in this courtroom indications of the interest of part of the government power structure in keeping the truth down, in keeping the grave closed.
We presented a number of eyewitnesses as well as an expert witness as well as the Zapruder film, to show that the fatal wound of the President came from the front. A plane landed from Washington and out stepped Dr. Finck for the defence, to counter the clear and apparent evidence of a shot from the front. I don't have to go into Dr. Finck's testimony in detail for you to show that it simply did not correspond with the facts. He admitted that he did not complete the autopsy because a General told him not to complete the autopsy.
In this conflict between power and justice -- to put it that way -- just where do you think Dr. Finck stands? A general, who was NOT a pathologist, told him not to complete the autopsy, so he didn't complete it. This is not the way I want my country to be. When our President is killed he deserves the kind of autopsy that the ordinary citizen gets every day in the State of Louisiana. And the people deserve the facts about it. We can't have government power suddenly interjecting itself and preventing the truth from coming to the people.
Yet in this case, before the sun rose the next morning, power had moved into the situation and the truth was being concealed. And now, five years later in this courtroom, the power of the government in concealing the truth is continuing in the same way.
We presented eyewitnesses who told you of shots coming from the grassy knoll. A plane landed from Washington and out came ballistics expert Frazier for the defence. Mr. Frazier's explanation of the sound of the shots coming from the front, which was heard by eyewitness after eyewitness was that Lee Oswald created a sonic boom in his firing. Not only did Oswald break all of the world's records for marksmanship, but he broke the sound barrier as well.
I suggest to you that if any of you have shot on a firing range -- and most of you probably have in the service -- you were shooting rifles in which the bullets travelled faster than the speed of sound. I ask you to recall if you ever heard a sonic boom. If you remember when you were on the firing line, and they would say "Ready on the left, Ready on the right, ready on the firing line, commence firing" you heard shots coming from the firing line -- to the left of you, and to the right of you. If you had heard, as a result of Frazier's fictional sonic boom, firing coming at you from the pits, you would have had a reaction which you would still remember.
Mr. Frazier's sonic boom simply doesn't exist. It's part of the fraud, a part of the continuing government fraud.
The best way to make this country the kind of country it's supposed to be is to communicate to the government that no matter how powerful it may be, we do not accept these frauds. We do not accept these false announcements. We do not accept the concealment of evidence with regard to the murder of President Kennedy. Who is the most believable: a Richard Randolph Carr, sitting there in a wheelchair and telling you what he saw and what he heard and how he was told to shut his mouth -- or Mr. Frazier with his sonic booms? Do we really have to reject Mr. Newman and Mrs. Newman and Mr. Carr and Roger Craig and the testimony of all those honest witnesses -- reject all this and accept the fraudulent Warren Commission, or else leave the country?
I suggest to you that there are other alternatives. One of them has been into practice last month in the State of Lousiana -- and that is to bring out the truth in a proceeding where attorneys can cross-examine, where the defendant can be confronted by testimony against him, where the rules of evidence are applied and where a jury of citizens can pass on it -- and where there is no government secrecy. Above all, where you do not have evidence concealed for 75 years in the name of "national security."
All we have in this case are the facts -- facts which show that the defendant participated in the conspiracy to kill the President, and that the President was subsequently killed in an ambush.
The reply of the defence has been the same as the early reply of the government in the Warren Commission. It has been authority, authority, authority. The President's seal outside each volume of the Warren Commission report -- made necessary because there is nothing inside these volumes, only men of high position and prestige sitting on a Board, and announcing the results to you, but not telling you what the evidence is, because the evidence has to be hidden for seventy five years.
You heard in this courtroom in recent weeks, eyewitness after eyewitness after eyewitness, and above all, you saw one eyewitness which was indifferent to power -- the Zapruder film. The lens of the camera is totally indifferent to power and it tells what happened as it saw it happen -- and that is one of the reasons 200 million Americans have not seen the Zapruder film. They should have seen it many times. They should know exactly what happened. They all should know what you know now. Why hasn't all of this come into being if there hasn't been a government fraud? Of course there has been fraud by the government.
But I'm telling you now that I think we can do something about it. I think there are still enough Americans left in this country to make it continue to be America. I think that we can still fight authoritarianism -- the government's insistence on secrecy, government force used in counterattacks against an honest inquiry, and when we do that, we're not being un-American, we're being American. It isn't easy. You're sticking your neck out in a rather permanent way, but it has to be done because truth does not come into being automatically. Individual men, like the members of my staff here, have to work and fight to make it happen -- and individual men like you have to make justice come into being because otherwise it doesn't happen.
What I'm trying to tell you is that there are forces in America today, unfortunately, which are not in favor of the truth coming out about John Kennedy's assassination. As long as our government continues to be like this, as long as such forces can get away with such actions, then this is no longer the country in which we were born.
The murder of John Kennedy was probably the most terrible moment in the history of our country. Yet circumstances have placed you in the position where not only have you seen the hidden evidence, but you are actually going to have the opportunity to bring justice into the picture for the first time.
Now, you are here sitting in judgement on Clay Shaw. Yet you, as men, represent more than jurors in an ordinary case because of the victim in this case. You represent, in a sense, the hope of humanity against government power. You represent humanity, which may yet triumph over government power -- if you will cause it to be so in the course of doing your duty in this case.
I suggest that you ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.
What can you do for your country? You can cause justice to happen for the first time in
this matter. You can help make our country better by showing that this is still a government
of the people. And if you do that, as long as you live, nothing will ever be more important.
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